J.S Splicing.

Splicing is where you join lengths of photographic film together. Usually used in motion pictures. Splicers join parts of film together, both negative and positive print film can be spliced together.  There are four types of different splicers.

• Tape splicers - Tape splicers join film using clear tape. This splicer works with all types of film such as acetate, Mylar and polyester.

• Ultrasonic splicers - An ultrasonic film splicer splices polyester film easier than any other. Ultrasonic splicing can now be done professionally and easily with strong results.

• Thermal paper splicers - Thermal paper splicers are used to join film into large rolls before processing it. The tabs are usually printed with bar codes on to identify the film after it's been processed.

• Cement splicers -  Cement splicers can also be used to repair and restore things as well as being used with negative film as the film is chemically welded so it makes an invisible bond. This splicer joins film together using glue. Cement splicers can also be used to repair and restore things as well. It looks like quite a tricky and time consuming.

J.S Edwin Stanton Porter.

Edwin Porter was an early American film pioneer. He is most famous for directing The Great Train Robbery and Life of an American Fireman, both in 1903. He first started working in motion picture in 1896, a few years later in 99 he then moved on to working at the Edison Manufacturing Company where he soon become to be in charge, he would direct the actors and operate the camera.

Life of an American Fireman and The Great Train Robbery are both very famous films in their own rights. Life of an American Fireman is best known for it's unusual editing techniques such as cross - cutting, that's when Porter first experimented with cross - cutting. He then moved on to The great Train Robbery which become even more famous as there was more debately noticeable cross cutting and then added camera movement.

The Great Train Robbery is considered a massive development in film making as it was the first to really use different shots and angles. To this day it is still massively famous. It is twelve minutes long and the thing that really set it apart from others at the time of it's release is that it was the first film to ever use cross cuts and camera movement as well as on location shooting. At this time cross cuts were extremely new and advanced techniques to be used.
At this time filming on location hadn't really been done before, like we do now they used sets mostly. By filming on location it would of been a big milestone as the actors would of had to remember their dialog and film a scene all the way through without stopping to check over lines. This would mean more work.


This film was basically the first big step in film making. Edwin Porter would of known straight away that by doing this he would have a massive audience for the film as this was pretty much never before seen editing techniques.

J.S Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol is most known for being the leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. He was reknown for being a very controversial artist. His museum, The Andy Warhol museum is the biggest museum in America dedicated to just one artist. Andy Warhol did a numerous amount of things in his life, for example things such as: Painting, photography, silk screening, film and music. He was also an advertisement illustrator in the 1He first started exhibiting his work in the 1950's. Warhols work include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold to this day.

To the left is an album cover Andy Warhol designed. I like Andy Warhols work because he seemed to exaggerate the colours and make everything bold and vivid. His work definitely catches your eye.

Between 1963 and 1998 he made over 60 films, his most famous being Chelsea Girls in 1966. This film contained two 16-mm films being projected at the same time, but two different stories.

Below is a clip of the film

J.S Alfred Hitchcock

Alfred Hitchcock was a massively famous English film director and producer whose career span more than half a century. He was nicknamed the The Master of Suspense. He worked on techniques in suspense and thriller genres, mainly psychological.

He worked on silent films and early sound films. After a long career in Britain he moved to Hollywood.

He was the first to really build up suspense in films. This would of attracted a ton of people as back then nobody had really witnessed a film full of suspense what puts you on edge. It was basically a brand new thing to people.

J.S DW Griffith

David. W Griffith was the very first to understand how certain film techniques could be used to to be more expressive and bring out a certain language. He soon became extremely famous for it. He was the first to experiment with camera placement and bulding up suspense and lighting heightened moods.

He is most known for the 1915 film The Birth of a Nation, which used advanced camera and narrative techniques. Griffith was one of the first to find out that music could speak to the audience more than gestures and that seemed to be passed on to other directors.

This film caused controversy because of how it described African Americans. Griffith then followed this by making Intolerance in 1916, explaining the history of prejudice and although this did win him a few more fans and praises off critics, financially it was a failure. 

Charlie Chaplin once said Griffith was the "teacher of us all".

J.S Lumiere Brothers

Lumiere brothers.

The lumiere brothers are the earliest film-makers in history. Born in France they both started out working for their father at his photographic firm. They had their first private screening of projected motion pictures in 1895. Each film of theirs was 17 metres long and runs around 50 seconds when through a projector. They started looking at colour photography in 1903, the autochrome lumiere was launched in 1907.

The films they made were extremely short, sometimes ranging from 38 seconds to 49 seconds. When the brothers had a public debut at the Grand Café they showed ten of their films.

As you can see in the above clip, the Lumiere Brothers used music to describe what's going on in the film, adding to the characters gestures. In the clip above you can hear upbeat and light music being played, this obviously indicates that nothing bad is happening in the clip or the music would change to more of a slow and jumpy sound. This effect is good as it gives the audience a clear indication as to what is going on.

Surprisingly, the Lumiere brothers declined to sell their camera to other film makers such as Georges Melies, this upset film makers. The brothers instead decided to turn their attention to colour photography. In 1903 they created a colour photography process called Auto chrome Lumiere and launched it 4 years later in 07. This meant that throughout the 20th century, their company was thought to be a major producer of photographic products in Europe.

J.S Dissolve and Wipes.

Dissolve
Dissolve means a editing two images into a gradual transition from one of the images to another. You could do this if you wanted to show a passing of time maybe as you would show something before and then it dissolves and shows how things are after.


Wipes.
Wipes are shots that replaces another by travelling across the screen. There are many different types of wipes. A few are; matrix, clock, invisible and iris. For example, to show the passing of time in a film you would use the clock wipe. The clock wipe

J.S Fade out

Fade-out
Fade outs usually happen most when a film is just ending as it says to the viewer that the film is over when it fades to black and then the ending credits come on. However fade outs are also used in films sometimes when they're started a new scene in the film for example when they want to let the audience know that this is a different part of a film, maybe the night time.


Fade-in
Fade in is where you'll see an image come on screen from black. This can be used to represent a new day in the film or a new scene. This makes things clear to the audience and clarifies everything instead of the audience having to figure it out for themselves. A fade in will also be used at the start of a film after showing the opening of the film and the credits if any at the start.

J.S Jump cuts

Jump cuts are cuts in editing that are of the same scene but shot from various different angles. For example jump cuts would be used if you the director was trying to scare the audience or get them on edge expecting something. An example of this is the film Breathless. This uses examples of jump cuts when the boy is in the car, the camera angle varies but is still on the same boy having the same conversation. By using jump cuts the shots can look like they jump in a discontinous way which could come across at first as a different topic of conversation or scene.

In this video we can see the camera angle moves slightly throughout, trying to build up suspense.

Jump cuts sometimes confuse the viewers because if not done in a specific way the audience won't really know why that has been done and they'll be wondering if it's a new scene or the same one. However in the example above, when watching you expect something bad/peculiar to happen because of how many jump cuts there are but nothing actually happens so it makes you wonder why they bothered as it doesn't really add to anything. If anything it just distracts you from what the people in the film are actually saying.

J.S Following the action.

The technique following the action means keeping the camera on the scene that's unfolding but using different camera angles to show exactly what's going on in the scene. As you can see below a good example of this is in Mr and Mrs Smith, the final fight. The camera moves around them and shows their surroundings.

By doing this it shows the audience what's happening and they get to see everything unfold as though it's them.

J.S Multiple points of view.

Point of views is how you see the film world. There are many different techniques for showing points of view; there is first person views which can be recorded with a helmet camera of a normal camera held up higher. 

There is the over the shoulder view so you’re seeing the conversation as the person you can no longer see. Usually the conversation would be filmed twice, once over each shoulder so that the camera wouldn't be seen then they switched, by switching you'd be showing one of the actors view on things and then the other, to see facial expressions and gestures etc. Obviously then the director would edit them both and put them together so they worked.

By showing multiple points of view the audience will feel as though they're watching the events that unfold from a certain persons point of view and it can also help an audience follow the film better.

J.S Shot variation.

Shot variation is where a shot is edited but stays on the same shot just different camera angles and effects. A good example of this is from the matrix  . The shot is one of the basic units of cinema yet has always been subject to manipulation, for example stop-motion cinematography or superimposition.



By doing this it makes viewing what's happening in the film more interesting for the audience to view as it's not just staying on one thing. By the camera angle changing it keeps the audience on edge as they watch waiting and wondering whether something else is going to happen. It keeps them interested.

J.S In-camera Editing.

In-camera editing means filming shots the exact way they will be viewed in cinemas. This means they would have to plan in advance what they are going to film and how and then shooting them in that order. This was instead of shooting scenes more than once and doing several takes then editing them to suit. You basically edit the film as you're filming, as opposed to editing afterwards.

J.S How Editing Has Developed.

In the 1880's editing wasn't used at all, over the years it has developed massively and now it is used all the time. It is always developing, even to this day. Edwin Stanton Porter and D. W. Griffith , the American film maker are thought to of been two of the first to experiment with editing. Edwin Stanton Porter made the breakthrough film Life of An American Fireman where he had a close up which had never been done before.

J.S Introduction

I am going to be writing about the development of film editing. I will be talking about why editing is so important and what happens when editing isn't done correctly and the outcome of this. I will be talking about things such as in - camera editing, following the action, multiple points of view, shot variation, manipulation of diegetic time and space, film, video, analogue and digital. I will be explaining what they mean and giving various examples where they are used.